"How do we build our world? With words"
M. Gomez, Psychoanalytic Lecture, March 31, 2006
Words are part of that system we call language. It is the main instrument by which humans communicate. For the lay person language could be various things, from the words articulated verbally to a complex system used to transmit meanings, ideas and feelings in a communal context (Merriam-Webster Online, http://www.m-w.com). Wittgenstein (1921, p. 163) has gone so far as to state that the limits of my language are the limits of my world. But this arises from the limitation of the person to transmit its message.
M. Gomez, Psychoanalytic Lecture, March 31, 2006
Words are part of that system we call language. It is the main instrument by which humans communicate. For the lay person language could be various things, from the words articulated verbally to a complex system used to transmit meanings, ideas and feelings in a communal context (Merriam-Webster Online, http://www.m-w.com). Wittgenstein (1921, p. 163) has gone so far as to state that the limits of my language are the limits of my world. But this arises from the limitation of the person to transmit its message.
As an instrument of communication language is coarse. Foucault (p. 33-34) points out, in his 1964 lecture on Nietzsche, Freud and Marx, that one of the problems of language is that it does not exactly state what it says. Language is an incomplete universe that needs to be given meaning. Since language is not ours, we cannot fully use it, nor can we give it a full meaning. Feyerabend (1986, p. 135) explains this as we are coerced constantly by those teachers and professional that wants to impose a certain language. In the Gay Science (V, 354) Nietzsche tells us that once thoughts are translated in language we stop been an individual and we become one more in the herd. The human structure is full of historical references, let them be welcomed or imposed by a social culture.
Language both reflects and affects a culture's way of thinking, and changes in a culture influence the development of its language (Encyclopedia Britannica Online, http://www.britannica.com). Thus thoughts can be changed by the language of the culture and the culture will be changed by the thoughts expressed by language. Language and thoughts configure themselves in an ontological contemporarily, for it would be impossible to conceive thought without language (Maceiras-Fafian, 2001, p. 76). Wittgenstein (1921, p. 163) would agree as we cannot communicate that which we cannot think. But Rudolph Carnap would disagree. In his Logical Structure of the World (1965, p. 83-84) he makes the point that there are things that are beyond the experience of language.
The social commentator George Carlin (2004, p. 94) has said that in the future all people will speak the same language, but no one will speak it well. Remembering that language is an instrument of the mind (Feyerabend, 1986, p. 135) this could imply some kind of dysfunction in the processing center that we call brain. Still, we must bear in mind that even though language does not constitute and indispensable condition of the intellectual knowledge, it contributes greatly in the precision and clarity of thought (Diccionario de Filosofia, 2000, p. 328). In concordance, the relative fluency of spoken sequences could reflect the high level of sophistication of cortical language areas, the lifelong period of speech learning, or differences in the musculoskeletal execution (Jerde, Soechting & Flanders, 2003).
The neural basis of language is not fully understood (Cary, 2005, p. 21). None-the-less research continues to try to decipher the intricacies of language. Joseph LeDoux (2002, p. 83-84) has said about language that it is unique to humans, that is a special capacity of them. But for the addition of language into the human brain involved a revolution rather than an evolution of function (LeDoux 2002, p. 198). The human brain had to go to a series of changes before it could accommodate language. The addition of language and related aspects of cognition to the primate brain was not a trivial process (LeDoux 2002, p. 302). A re-organization of the brain was in order. This implies that spatial perception was forced from the left during language invasion of the human synaptic territory (LeDoux 2002, p. 303).
Also language required more space in the brain and new connections to make it work. The space problem was solved by moving some things around on existing cortical space, and also by adding more space (LeDoux 2002, p. 323). More space meant more power which was needed to process language. Models of spoken language comprehension assume that processing is hierarchically organized (Davis & Johnsrude, 2003). Also there is evidence for activity-induced growth in the synapses (LeDoux 2002, p. 88).
The acquisition of grammatical knowledge has been widely assumed to involve structural rules, these so-called phrase structure rules determine how words are combined into phrases and sentences (Opitz & Friederici, 2004).
Even though, the human anatomy might create a structure for the use of language, there is a need to nurture what nature has developed. To acquire a specific language we have to be exposed to people who speak that language (LeDoux 2002, p. 86). A process of socialization and formal training is necessary to develop competent language skills.
Language learning is more flexible in children (as in learning a second language) and language abilities can be easily stimulated (as in children with language based disabilities), while in adults is harder (LeDoux 2002, p. 94-95). Of course, the developmental processes in the brain for mastering first language and a second language are essentially unknown, still it is agreed that the age of acquisition is regarded as one critical factor (Tatsuno & Sakai, 2005).
In adults there is a tendency to have less ability recuperate their language skills after a brain injury. Even in children there are circumstances where the acquisition of language skills is hampered. Learning disability is a lifelong condition that is difficult to remediate even under the best circumstances (Banai, et al, 2005). In language based learning disabilities, the earlier they can be diagnoses the better prognosis a patient have of acquire a normal level of language skill.
Language is one of the central features that made humans what they are. No doubt one of the reasons human cognition is so powerful is because we have language in our brains, which exponentially increases the ability to categorize information, a whole culture for instance can be implied by a name (LeDoux 2002, p. 177). Also the human capacity grows exponentially by the existence of language. Language radically alters the brains ability to compare, contrasts, discriminate, and associate on-line, in real time, and to use such information to guide thinking and problem solving (LeDoux 2002, p. 197).
"What a piece of work is a man! How noble in reason! How infinite in faculty!" exclaimed Hamlet. But to make this exclamation there was a need for language. For the thought expressed by Hamlet needed to be constructed in the brain. Language is an instrument of expression, the social organ in the human body. Humans use it to communicate information and feelings. That the brain has evolved to the point that it could be do what it does is a natural marvel. Could it truly be that humans are "the paragon of animals!"?
References
Banai, K., Nicol, T., Zecker, S.G. & Kraus, N. Brainstem Timing: Implications for Cortical Processing and Literacy. The Journal of Neuroscience, October 26, 2005, 25(43).
Brugger, W. (ed) (2000). Diccionario de Filosofia. Herder, España.
Carlin, G. (2004). When will Jesus bring the pork chops? Hyperion, NY.
Carnap, R. (1965). La Estructura Logica del Mundo. FCE, Mexico.
Davis, M.H. & Johnsrude I.S. Hierarchical Processing in Spoken Language Comprehension. The Journal of Neuroscience, April 15, 2003, 23(8).
Encyclopedia Britannica Online, http://www.britannica.com, April 21, 2006.
Foucault, M. (1964). Nietzsche, Freud, Marx. Ediciones el Cielo, Colombia.
Feyerabend, P. (1986) Tratado contra el método: Esquema de una teoría anarquista del Conocimiento. Editorial Tecnos, S.A. Madrid. (Originally published 1975).
Jerde, T.E., Soechting, J.F., & Martha Flanders, M. Coarticulation in Fluent Fingerspelling. The Journal of Neuroscience, March 15, 2003, 23(6).
Maceriras-Fafian, M. (2001) La filosofía como reflexion de hoy.
Merriam-Webster Online, http://www.m-w.com, April 21, 2006.
Nietzsche, F. (no date). The Gay Science. Originally published 1882.
Opitz, B. & Friederici, A.D. Brain Correlates of Language Learning: The Neuronal Dissociation of Rule-Based versus Similarity-Based Learning. The Journal of Neuroscience, September 29, 2004, 24(39).
Yoshinori Tatsuno, Y. & Sakai, K.L.Language-Related Activations in the Left Prefrontal Regions Are Differentially Modulated by Age, Proficiency, and Task Demands. The Journal of Neuroscience, February 16, 2005, 25(7).
Wittgenstein, L. (1921). Tratactus logico-philosophicus.
References
Banai, K., Nicol, T., Zecker, S.G. & Kraus, N. Brainstem Timing: Implications for Cortical Processing and Literacy. The Journal of Neuroscience, October 26, 2005, 25(43).
Brugger, W. (ed) (2000). Diccionario de Filosofia. Herder, España.
Carlin, G. (2004). When will Jesus bring the pork chops? Hyperion, NY.
Carnap, R. (1965). La Estructura Logica del Mundo. FCE, Mexico.
Davis, M.H. & Johnsrude I.S. Hierarchical Processing in Spoken Language Comprehension. The Journal of Neuroscience, April 15, 2003, 23(8).
Encyclopedia Britannica Online, http://www.britannica.com, April 21, 2006.
Foucault, M. (1964). Nietzsche, Freud, Marx. Ediciones el Cielo, Colombia.
Feyerabend, P. (1986) Tratado contra el método: Esquema de una teoría anarquista del Conocimiento. Editorial Tecnos, S.A. Madrid. (Originally published 1975).
Jerde, T.E., Soechting, J.F., & Martha Flanders, M. Coarticulation in Fluent Fingerspelling. The Journal of Neuroscience, March 15, 2003, 23(6).
Maceriras-Fafian, M. (2001) La filosofía como reflexion de hoy.
Merriam-Webster Online, http://www.m-w.com, April 21, 2006.
Nietzsche, F. (no date). The Gay Science. Originally published 1882.
Opitz, B. & Friederici, A.D. Brain Correlates of Language Learning: The Neuronal Dissociation of Rule-Based versus Similarity-Based Learning. The Journal of Neuroscience, September 29, 2004, 24(39).
Yoshinori Tatsuno, Y. & Sakai, K.L.Language-Related Activations in the Left Prefrontal Regions Are Differentially Modulated by Age, Proficiency, and Task Demands. The Journal of Neuroscience, February 16, 2005, 25(7).
Wittgenstein, L. (1921). Tratactus logico-philosophicus.